Hydroquinone

Also known as: 1,4-Benzenediol, HQ

High ConcernactiveEWG: 9

A potent skin lightener banned in EU cosmetics — effective but linked to ochronosis and carcinogenicity.

How it works

Hydroquinone directly inhibits tyrosinase and disrupts melanin synthesis, making it one of the most potent skin-lightening agents. However, with prolonged use it can cause ochronosis (irreversible blue-black skin discolouration), and IARC classifies it as a possible carcinogen. It is Rx-only or banned outright in many markets.

Avoid if

General cosmetic useEveryone outside supervised Rx use

Commonly found in

Some prescription skin lightenersSome over-the-counter products in US at <2%

Safety & restrictions

Banned in EU cosmetics. US OTC products limited to 2%. Associated with ochronosis (permanent skin darkening) with prolonged use. Possible carcinogen (IARC). Should only be used under medical supervision, short-term.

Restricted / banned in:EU (cosmetics)UKJapanAustralia

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For informational purposes only. Not medical advice. Consult a dermatologist for personalised guidance.